Arda Tunca

Both China and Europe have long histories of social unrest . Peasants, urban poor, and marginal groups repeatedly rose against taxation, exploitation, famine, and political failure in history. What differs is how societies were structured, who rebellion was directed against, and what followed when rebellion  succeeded or failed. State Structure and Social Hierarchy Imperial China was governed through a centralized bureaucratic state from an early period. Political authority was unified,...

Florence Beatrice Price did not appear suddenly in American musical history, nor did her achievement emerge in isolation. Her work stands at the end of a long, uneven intellectual and institutional process, one that begins not in the United States, but in nineteenth-century Europe. To understand what Price achieved, and why it mattered, it is necessary to begin with the composer who first articulated, from outside America, a systematic diagnosis of its cultural condition: Antonín Dvořák....

Recent reporting in the Financial Times   highlights Chinese President Xi Jinping’s explicit call for the renminbi to attain global reserve currency status, framing this ambition within China’s broader push to reshape the international monetary order.   Under what conditions can a fiat currency become a reserve currency in the first place? The answer to this question lies in the structural requirements identified by international monetary theory and historical experience. Reserve currency...