Arda Tunca

Recent developments in international politics and economics appear, at first glance, disconnected. China has intensified restrictions on Nvidia products while simultaneously promoting domestic firms such as Huawei and Cambricon. The European Union has introduced new regulatory instruments to reduce dependence on Chinese supply chains and strengthen industrial resilience. The United States has reconsidered aspects of its military posture toward Europe while increasingly relying upon...

This article develops a comparative framework grounded in five structural dimensions of civilizations: generative capacity, cumulative continuity, institutionalization, transmission, and adaptability. These dimensions do not constitute a normative hierarchy. Instead, they function as analytical instruments for examining how different configurations organize the production, preservation, and diffusion of knowledge and culture. The analysis suggests four analytically distinct civilizational...

While the Federal Reserve conducts monetary policy within the domestic financial system, a vast “offshore” dollar system has evolved into a central pillar of global finance. Known as the Eurodollar system, this market functions as a globally distributed network of dollar-denominated credit intermediated outside the direct jurisdiction of the United States. Despite recurring narratives of “de-dollarization,” offshore dollar credit continues to expand. Identifiable cross-border lending alone...