The Myth of Market Balance Few ideas have shaped modern economics as profoundly as equilibrium. Since the marginal revolution of the late nineteenth century, the intersection of supply and demand has served as the canonical representation of how markets coordinate individual preferences into collective outcomes. It became the visual and conceptual emblem of economic reasoning, a symbol of harmony, rationality, and efficiency. Yet, beneath its geometry lies a fragile abstracti

The Philosopher Who Looked Beyond Capitalism Few thinkers anticipated the dilemmas of twenty-first-century political economy as clearly as André Gorz  (1923–2007) did. Born in Vienna as Gérard Horst, Gorz became part of post-war France’s intellectual milieu, writing for Les Temps Modernes  under the influence of Jean-Paul Sartre . Over time he fused existentialism, Marxism, and ecological thought into a critique that re-imagined what economics could be about: not growth or pr

The United States is entering a distinctly modern kind of downturn what is called a “white-collar recession.” Unlike traditional recessions, this one is unfolding in corporate offices, tech hubs, and administrative sectors, where jobs are being redefined or replaced under the combined weight of artificial intelligence, trade frictions, and weak consumer demand. Over the past week, Amazon, Paramount, United Parcel Service (UPS), and Target announced  a total of 31,800 layoffs,

The Intersection of Morality and Politics Turkey of the 1920s experienced a process of reconstruction in the smallest areas of everyday life. The new state’s aim was not merely to achieve political independence but also to create a new model of human being. This model had to be industrious, moderate, disciplined, and above all, “moral.” The Law on the Prohibition of Alcoholic Beverages ( Men-i Müskirat Kanunu )   enacted on 14 September 1920 was a part of this transformation.

The First Scientist-Explorer Pytheas of Massalia  (fl. late 4th century BCE) stands as one of antiquity’s most enigmatic figures, an explorer, astronomer, and geographer whose reach extended far beyond the intellectual and geographic boundaries of his time. At a moment when most Greek thinkers conceived of the Earth as a narrow, temperate band of civilization surrounded by impassable extremes, Pytheas undertook a voyage  that radically expanded the Greek worldview. Sailing  f

Introduction Natural disasters, while acts of nature, often unmask the failures of human governance. Earthquakes’ impact is rarely equal....

Folk literature and music represent one side of the Ottoman society’s cultural life. The daily life of the rural population, its poverty,...

In the early years of the 19th century, as Napoleon's armies swept across Europe  and the old feudal order crumbled , two young German...

For much of the twentieth century, the United States cast itself as the world’s chief of laissez-faire economics. From Bretton Woods  to...

A Life Between Freedom and Fire Born in Heraklion in 1883, under Ottoman rule, Nikos Kazantzakis emerged from a land under the conditions...