Abstract This article examines the major population movements that reshaped Anatolia  and Rumelia  between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries. Building on the political and institutional context outlined in Ottomans and Karamanids , it analyzes the long-term repercussions of Ottoman expansion, the application and evolution of forced relocation (sürgün), the demographic effects of the Celâlî rebellions, migrations driven by Ottoman–Safavid frontier dynamics, and the large-

The Rise of “Resilience” in Economic Discourse It is now commonplace to hear policymakers and markets praise the "resilience" of supply chains, of financial systems, of growth trajectories, and of investor sentiment. In its popularized form, resilience suggests strength, adaptability, and an underlying systemic vitality. What does it mean for an economy to be resilient? The global economy has shown  surprising robustness amid geopolitical shocks recently. Yet, it also warns o

This article examines the political, cultural, and linguistic contrasts between the Ottoman Empire and the Karamanid principality, two major Anatolian powers of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. By evaluating their respective administrative structures, social compositions, and identity formations, it identifies the distinct trajectories of these two polities. The article also surveys the ethnic and religious groups living under both systems and analyzes the sürgün (forc

In recent years, the proliferation of data-driven analysis has reshaped the epistemological foundations of economics. Vast computational capacity and algorithmic learning promise to turn uncertainty into calculable probability, and complexity into manageable prediction. Yet, the triumph of data often conceals a deeper conceptual poverty. As economics has increasingly become an empirical technocracy, it risks losing sight of what makes social inquiry meaningful: context, purpo

On the shores of the Aegean’s deep blue waters lies a peninsula where time flows slowly: Bodrum. For centuries, Bodrum Castle has stood as the symbol of this peninsula, illuminating a history where East meets West, and the Middle Ages converge with the modern era. The foundations of Bodrum Castle were laid in 1406, and it was expanded throughout the 15th century with the addition of towers built by different nations of the Knights of St. John. The process  of construction and

The Myth of Market Balance Few ideas have shaped modern economics as profoundly as equilibrium. Since the marginal revolution of the late nineteenth century, the intersection of supply and demand has served as the canonical representation of how markets coordinate individual preferences into collective outcomes. It became the visual and conceptual emblem of economic reasoning, a symbol of harmony, rationality, and efficiency. Yet, beneath its geometry lies a fragile abstracti

The Philosopher Who Looked Beyond Capitalism Few thinkers anticipated the dilemmas of twenty-first-century political economy as clearly as André Gorz  (1923–2007) did. Born in Vienna as Gérard Horst, Gorz became part of post-war France’s intellectual milieu, writing for Les Temps Modernes  under the influence of Jean-Paul Sartre . Over time he fused existentialism, Marxism, and ecological thought into a critique that re-imagined what economics could be about: not growth or pr

The United States is entering a distinctly modern kind of downturn what is called a “white-collar recession.” Unlike traditional recessions, this one is unfolding in corporate offices, tech hubs, and administrative sectors, where jobs are being redefined or replaced under the combined weight of artificial intelligence, trade frictions, and weak consumer demand. Over the past week, Amazon, Paramount, United Parcel Service (UPS), and Target announced  a total of 31,800 layoffs,