The political landscape in Turkey has changed significantly following the absolute nullity ruling. The government's efforts to destabilize the main opposition party have succeeded within a system where the principle of separation of powers has largely disappeared. This process has altered not only the internal balance within the CHP but also the nature of political competition in Turkey. Suspicions that Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu was acting in concert with the government had been gro

Turkey has long struggled with severe inflation. This problem should not be viewed merely as a technical macroeconomic variable reflecting increases in the general price level. Turkey's inflation experience has exhibited distinct historical turning points across different periods. Historical series compiled by the World Bank from IMF data show that annual consumer inflation generally remained in single digits during the 1960s. However, a marked acceleration emerged during the

Recent developments in international politics and economics appear, at first glance, disconnected. China has intensified restrictions on Nvidia products while simultaneously promoting domestic firms such as Huawei and Cambricon. The European Union has introduced new regulatory instruments to reduce dependence on Chinese supply chains and strengthen industrial resilience. The United States has reconsidered aspects of its military posture toward Europe while increasingly relyin

Classical and especially neoclassical economic theories are built on the assumption that, under competitive market conditions, economic actors will allocate resources more efficiently. Yet today, particularly in the service and financial sectors, millions of jobs have emerged that appear meaningless, generate no social benefit, and are often regarded as unnecessary even by those who perform them. By analyzing the mechanisms through which these jobs arise in terms of corporate

This article develops a comparative framework grounded in five structural dimensions of civilizations: generative capacity, cumulative continuity, institutionalization, transmission, and adaptability. These dimensions do not constitute a normative hierarchy. Instead, they function as analytical instruments for examining how different configurations organize the production, preservation, and diffusion of knowledge and culture. The analysis suggests four analytically distinct c

Long conversations abroad with people from different cultures, educational backgrounds, and income groups reveal a difficult truth about human relationships. Before people get to know one another as individuals, they tend to see each other as representatives of the worlds to which they belong. When you meet someone for the first time, they do not initially see you as “you.” They first see your country. They see the image your society carries in the world. Before you even begi

While the Federal Reserve conducts monetary policy within the domestic financial system, a vast “offshore” dollar system has evolved into a central pillar of global finance. Known as the Eurodollar system, this market functions as a globally distributed network of dollar-denominated credit intermediated outside the direct jurisdiction of the United States. Despite recurring narratives of “de-dollarization,” offshore dollar credit continues to expand. Identifiable cross-border