Never has economics possessed more powerful analytical tools. Yet it has rarely faced a world changing so rapidly. Artificial intelligence is reshaping technological competition while concentrating economic power in a handful of firms. Climate change has moved from an environmental concern to a defining economic constraint. Geopolitical rivalry increasingly shapes trade, investment, industrial policy, and technological development. Global supply chains, once celebrated as sym

Introduction Modern economics defined itself, particularly after the marginal revolution, as a value-neutral, positive science modeled on physics. Equilibrium, optimization, and productivity became its organizing principles. This methodological choice delivered analytical clarity and mathematical tractability, but it did so by abstracting from historical irreversibility, institutional change, and ecological limits. As a result, economics became increasingly incapable of addre

There are two major existential threats facing humanity today: climate change and artificial intelligence (AI) . Each poses immense...