Introduction Modern economics defined itself, particularly after the marginal revolution, as a value-neutral, positive science modeled on physics. Equilibrium, optimization, and productivity became its organizing principles. This methodological choice delivered analytical clarity and mathematical tractability, but it did so by abstracting from historical irreversibility, institutional change, and ecological limits. As a result, economics became increasingly incapable of addre

This article partially forms the theoretical foundation of two of my earlier pieces: Trump’s Industrial Nostalgia Misses the Modern...