The concept of God  has long served as one of the central organizing ideas  of Western philosophy . For centuries, theological and philosophical reflection  treated the divine as the foundation  of both the natural order and the moral order. Yet beginning in the early modern period , this concept underwent profound transformation. Two thinkers stand at critical moments in this transition: Baruch Spinoza and Friedrich Nietzsche. The enduring influence of Spinoza’s conception o

It was the winter of 1944, and a young American spy named Moe Berg sat in a theater in Zürich, Switzerland, with a pistol hidden in his...