Introduction Modern economics defined itself, particularly after the marginal revolution, as a value-neutral, positive science modeled on physics. Equilibrium, optimization, and productivity became its organizing principles. This methodological choice delivered analytical clarity and mathematical tractability, but it did so by abstracting from historical irreversibility, institutional change, and ecological limits. As a result, economics became increasingly incapable of addre

This article examines the pivotal role of Roger Bacon in the transformation of Western epistemology from medieval scholasticism to the foundations of modern scientific and mechanistic thought. It argues that Bacon’s elevation of experiment and mathematics as epistemic authorities initiated a structural division between reason and experience that later emerged philosophically as the distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge in Kant. The study explains Aristotle’s