Introduction Modern economics defined itself, particularly after the marginal revolution, as a value-neutral, positive science modeled on physics. Equilibrium, optimization, and productivity became its organizing principles. This methodological choice delivered analytical clarity and mathematical tractability, but it did so by abstracting from historical irreversibility, institutional change, and ecological limits. As a result, economics became increasingly incapable of addre

Turkey has long struggled with severe inflation. This problem should not be viewed merely as a technical macroeconomic variable reflecting increases in the general price level. Turkey's inflation experience has exhibited distinct historical turning points across different periods. Historical series compiled by the World Bank from IMF data show that annual consumer inflation generally remained in single digits during the 1960s. However, a marked acceleration emerged during the

Abstract Despite widespread enthusiasm about artificial intelligence (AI) and its potential to reshape productivity , adoption in the...