The language of constitutional government, scientific inquiry, freedom of conscience, religious toleration, and universal rights owes much to eighteenth-century philosophy. More than any other intellectual movement of the modern era, the Enlightenment claimed that reason could discover principles valid not merely for particular nations or religions but for humanity itself. Universalism became one of its defining aspirations. It has also become one of its greatest controversie

The concept of God has long served as one of the central organizing ideas of Western philosophy . For centuries, theological and philosophical reflection treated the divine as the foundation of both the natural order and the moral order. Yet beginning in the early modern period , this concept underwent profound transformation. Two thinkers stand at critical moments in this transition: Baruch Spinoza and Friedrich Nietzsche. The enduring influence of Spinoza’s conception o

Why did Greek mythology and tragedies influence Western philosophy? There are many answers to this question. However, since I have...

In 2015, a group of scientists, technology visionaries, and artificial intelligence researchers signed a letter expressing their concerns...