This article examines the ethical implications of profitability targets across three institutional domains: litigation departments in law firms, operations departments in hospitals, and private schools. Although all three operate under budget constraints and managerial performance systems, their institutional purposes, moral responsibilities, and permissible trade-offs differ fundamentally. Drawing on Kantian duty ethics, utilitarian welfare analysis, and a broad set of Weste

Introduction This article explores how key early modern thinkers, especially Hobbes and Machiavelli, conceptualized human nature and...

Introduction Baruch Spinoza, in his Political Treatise , presents a political framework aimed at ensuring the state's durability by...